30 Predictions, Filtered for Five 2026 Crypto Consensus

By: blockbeats|2025/12/26 09:30:03
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2025 is coming to an end.

Most people can clearly feel that, starting from the second half of this year, the narrative of the crypto industry has gradually dried up, and the hype around cryptocurrency has also waned. So, as we look ahead to 2026, what changes can we expect in the market, and which narratives will receive market favor?

BlockBeats has analyzed over 30 forecasts for 2026, including top research institutions such as Galaxy, Delphi Digital, a16z, Bitwise, Hashdex, Coinbase, as well as many industry KOLs who have long been engaged in frontline research, product development, and investment. From these analyses, we have summarized 5 narratives for 2026 that enjoy unanimous approval, so make sure to read till the end.

Stablecoins to Enter Traditional Finance

The first and most widely agreed-upon direction is stablecoins.

In 2026, stablecoins will undergo a complete transformation from a "cryptocurrency tool" to "mainstream financial infrastructure," a point that is almost universally recognized by all major forecasters.

a16z's data on this matter is very straightforward, almost to the point of being "irrefutable." They point out that in the past year, stablecoins have processed around $46 trillion in transaction volume. How significant is this number? It is roughly 20 times PayPal's annual transaction volume, nearly 3 times that of Visa, and is also approaching the scale of the U.S. ACH (Automated Clearing House) network.

However, a16z also soberly points out that the issue is not whether there is demand for stablecoins, but rather how these digital dollars will truly enter the everyday financial infrastructure that people use. This involves the most concrete, as well as the dirtiest and most tiring aspects of deposits and withdrawals, payments, settlements, and consumption. They observe that an entire new generation of startups is specifically addressing this issue. Some leverage cryptographic proofs to allow users to convert their local account balances into digital dollars without compromising their privacy; some directly integrate with regional banking networks, QR codes, and real-time payment rails to enable stablecoins to be used like local transfers; while others start from even deeper levels, building a truly globally interoperable wallet layer and issuance platform to enable stablecoins for direct consumer spending at everyday merchants.

Therefore, their conclusion is: "As these deposit and withdrawal channels mature, digital dollars will directly plug into local payment systems and merchant tools, leading to new behavior patterns. Workers can instantly receive cross-border wages, merchants can accept global dollars without a bank account, and applications can settle value instantaneously with users anywhere in the world. Stablecoins will fundamentally transform from a niche financial tool to the foundational settlement layer of the Internet."

What's even more interesting is that a16z researcher Sam Broner explained from a very "engineering-oriented" perspective why this was almost inevitable. They pointed out that the software systems run by most banks today are too old for modern developers, with the core ledger still running on large mainframes using COBOL, interfacing through batch files instead of APIs. Of course, these systems are stable, trusted by regulators, and deeply integrated into the real world, but the problem is that they can hardly evolve quickly. Even just adding a real-time payment feature could take several months or even years, while also dealing with massive technical debt and regulatory complexity. And this is where stablecoins come in.

Crypto KOL and Alongside Finance researcher Route 2 FI has listed "Stablecoins (Traditional Finance Implementation and On-Ramp)" as a top priority direction in their narrative focus, emphasizing how traditional financial institutions are implementing stablecoin technology and building the corresponding financial rails.

Galaxy Research's assessment is more direct and more aggressive. They predict that by the end of 2026, 30% of international payments will be made through stablecoins.

Bitwise's conclusion is almost identical, but approached from a market size perspective: they project that the market capitalization of stablecoins will double by 2026, with the key variable being the GENIUS Act coming into effect in early 2026, opening up growth opportunities for existing issuers and attracting new players to compete.

Overall, 2026 will be a crucial year for stablecoins to transition from the periphery to the mainstream core.

AI Agent, Emerging as a Top Trader

The second equally consensual but more futuristic consensus is that AI agents will become the primary participants in on-chain economic activities, which was confirmed by the recent widely followed AI model trading competition.

Many have underestimated the speed of this change. The logic is not complicated: when AI agents start autonomously performing tasks, making decisions, and engaging in high-frequency interactions with each other, they inherently require a means of value transfer that is as fast, cheap, and permissionless as information exchange.

Traditional payment systems, designed for humans with accounts, identities, and settlement periods, are all friction points for AI agents.

Cryptocurrency, especially when coupled with payment protocols like x402, is almost tailor-made for this scenario: instant settlement, support for micropayments, programmability, permissionlessness. Therefore, 2026 is likely to be the first year when the payment infrastructure of the agent-based economy transitions from proof of concept to real-world scalable usage.

Sean Neville, a16z researcher and co-founder of Circle, as well as the architect of USDC, pointed out from another more foundational angle the true bottleneck in the current AI Agent economy: the problem is shifting from "not smart enough" to "identity not present": in the financial system, the number of "non-human identities" has already exceeded human employees by a ratio of 96 to 1, but these identities are almost all "bankless ghosts."

Yet the financial industry lacks KYA (similar to KYC but KYA: Know Your Agent). Just as humans need a credit score to get a loan, intelligent agents also need a credential of cryptographic signature to prove who they represent, who they are bound by, and who is responsible when things go wrong. Before KYA emerged, many merchants could only choose to directly block intelligent agents at the firewall level. While the industry spent decades building KYC, now there may only be a few months left for KYA.

Other members of the a16z team also pointed out in the summary that AI agents need an encrypted track for micropayments, data access, and computing power settlements. The x402 standard will become the payment backbone of the intelligent agent economy. The key asset is no longer the model but scarce, high-quality real-world data (DePAI), and examples such as BitRobot, PrismaX, Shaga, Chakra were listed.

Lucas Tcheyan of Galaxy Research provided very specific quantitative predictions. He expects that by 2026, payments following the x402 standard will account for 30% of the Base daily transaction volume and 5% of non-voting transactions on Solana, marking a greater use of on-chain rails in intelligent agent interactions.

He believes that as AI agents begin to trade autonomously across services, standardized payment primitives will directly enter the execution layer. Base will gain an advantage due to Coinbase's push for the x402 standard, while Solana will become another pole with its large developer and user base. At the same time, some new chains focused on payments (such as Tempo and Arc) will also grow rapidly in this process.

RWA Will Become More Degen

Unlike the previous fervor of "everything can be on-chain," the current RWA narrative has significantly cooled down. Most research institutions no longer discuss "how big the potential market is," but instead repeatedly emphasize one word: feasibility. Therefore, the cooled-down RWA in the 2026 consensus appears even more concentrated.

a16z analyst Guy Wuollet is not light in his criticism of the current tokenization of RWAs. He points out that while we have seen banks, fintech companies, and asset management firms show great interest in moving U.S. stocks, commodities, indices, and other traditional assets onto the chain, so far, most of the so-called "tokenization" is still essentially analog. These assets have only been "given a layer of technological wrapping," but their design logic, transaction methods, and risk structures are still firmly rooted in the traditional financial understanding of real-world assets, rather than leveraging the native properties of the cryptographic system itself.

Galaxy Research's prediction on this issue is significantly more inclined towards a "structural breakthrough." They are not fixated on product form but instead directly focus on a core element of the traditional financial system: collateral.

They predict that in the next year, a major bank or brokerage will start accepting tokenized stocks as formal collateral. If this happens, its symbolic significance is far greater than any individual product launch. Because so far, tokenized stocks are still on the edge, either small-scale experiments within DeFi or large banks' pilot projects on private blockchains that have almost no substantial connection to the mainstream financial system.

But Galaxy points out that things are changing. Core infrastructure providers in traditional finance are accelerating their shift to blockchain-based systems; at the same time, regulatory attitudes towards this direction are noticeably shifting towards support. This year, they expect to see, for the first time, a heavyweight financial institution accept tokenized stocks on-chain deposits and consider them as assets fully equivalent to traditional securities in terms of legal and risk frameworks.

Hashdex is the most aggressive institution, predicting a tenfold growth in the tokenization of real-world assets. This prediction is built on the foundation of increased regulatory clarity, preparedness of traditional financial institutions, and matured technical infrastructure.

Forecasting Markets, More Than Just "Decentralized Betting"

Contrary to what most people expected, forecasting markets have also become a highly anticipated track in 2026.

But what surprises people is the reason why forecasting markets are so well-regarded, no longer just for "decentralized betting," but rather for evolving into an information aggregation and decision-making tool.

a16z's Andy Hall, a Stanford University political economist, believes that forecasting markets have crossed the threshold of "whether they can become mainstream." In the next year, as they deepen their intersection with cryptocurrency and AI, forecasting markets will become larger, more widespread, and smarter.

However, at the same time, he also emphasized that this expansion is not without cost. The prediction market is being pushed to a whole new level of complexity: higher trading frequency, faster information feedback, more automated participant structure. These changes, on the one hand, amplify its value, but on the other hand, also pose brand-new challenges for builders, such as how to adjudicate results more fairly without causing controversies, and so on.

Galaxy Research's Will Owens quantified this change into very specific numbers. He predicted that Polymarket's weekly trading volume will consistently exceed $1.5 billion in 2026. This judgment is not unfounded. In fact, the prediction market has been one of the fastest-growing tracks in the crypto field, with Polymarket's nominal weekly trading volume already approaching $1 billion.

He believes that what will continue to drive this number upward is the simultaneous occurrence of three forces: the deepening of a new layer of capital efficiency enhancing market liquidity, AI-driven order flow significantly increasing trading frequency, and Polymarket's continuously improving distribution capability accelerating fund inflows.

Bitwise's Ryan Rasmussen gave a more aggressive assessment. He predicted that Polymarket's open interest contract size will surpass the historical high set during the 2024 U.S. election. The driving factors of this growth are very clear: openness to U.S. users bringing in a large number of new users, about $2 billion in new capital injection providing ample ammunition, and the market type no longer limited to politics, but expanding into various fields such as economics, sports, and pop culture.

Outside of institutions, KOLs' assessments are also intriguing. Tomasz Tunguz believes that by 2026, the adoption rate of prediction markets among the U.S. population will increase from the current 5% to 35%. For comparison, the adoption rate of gambling in the U.S. is about 56%. This means that prediction markets are evolving from a niche financial tool to a product closer to mainstream entertainment and information consumption.

But Galaxy also issued a prediction with a clear warning in this wave of optimism. They believe that a federal investigation surrounding the prediction market is highly likely.

As U.S. regulatory agencies gradually greenlight on-chain prediction markets, trading volume and open interest contracts are rapidly rising. Meanwhile, related gray events have begun to surface. Several scandals have already emerged, involving insiders using undisclosed information to enter early, or engaging in match-fixing against major sports leagues. Since prediction markets allow traders to participate under a pseudonym, rather than through strict KYC of traditional betting platforms, the temptation for insiders to abuse privileged information is significantly magnified.

Therefore, Galaxy believes that future investigative trigger points may no longer come from anomalous behavior within regulated gambling systems, but directly from suspicious price fluctuations in on-chain prediction markets.

And this topic could also lead to the emergence of a fifth consensus, Privacy.

Privacy Coins, Rising Stars Again?

As more and more capital, data, and automated decision-making are pushed onto the chain, exposure itself is becoming an unacceptable cost. This became evident as early as 2025.

This year, the concept of privacy was also a rising star, with gains even surpassing mainstream coins like Bitcoin. Therefore, for 2026, predicting the privacy track has become a consensus among most institutions, researchers, and KOLs.

Galaxy Research's Christopher Rosa made a bold statement: the total market cap of privacy tokens will exceed $100 billion by the end of 2026. He explained that privacy tokens received significant attention in the last quarter of 2025 as investors put more funds on-chain, making on-chain privacy a top consideration. Among the top three privacy coins, Zcash rose by about 800% in the same quarter, Railgun by about 204%, and Monero recorded a more modest 53% increase.

Christopher provided an interesting historical background: early Bitcoin developers, including Satoshi Nakamoto himself, had explored privacy-focused technologies and research. Ideas to make transactions more private, even fully shielded, had surfaced in early Bitcoin design discussions. However, at that time, truly usable and deployable zero-knowledge proof technology was far from mature.

But today, the situation is entirely different. With zero-knowledge technology gradually becoming engineering-ready and the significant increase in value transacted on-chain, more and more users, especially institutional users, are seriously examining a previously accepted fact: are they really willing to have all their encrypted asset balances, transaction paths, and fund structures permanently exposed to anyone?

Therefore, the privacy issue has shifted from an "idealistic need" to an "institutional-level practical issue".

Adeniyi Abiodun, co-founder of Mysten Labs, then completed this logic from another perspective. Rather than starting directly from asset prices or user behavior, he broke down the issue to a more foundational dependency: data.

In his view, behind every model, every agent, and every set of automated systems lies one thing: data. But today, most data pipelines, whether input to models or outputs from models, are opaque, mutable, and unauditable. While this may be acceptable for some consumer applications, in industries like finance, healthcare, this is almost an insurmountable obstacle. And as agent systems begin to autonomously browse, transact, and make decisions, this issue is further magnified.

In this context, Adeniyi has proposed the concept of "Secrets-as-a-Service." He believes that what is needed in the future is not to retrospectively stitch privacy features at the application layer but rather a comprehensive native, programmable data access infrastructure: including executable data access rules, client-side encryption mechanisms, and decentralized key management systems to enforce who can decrypt what data, under what conditions, and for how long. All these rules should be enforced on-chain rather than relying on internal organizational processes or human constraints. Combined with verifiable data systems, privacy itself can become a public infrastructure component of the internet, rather than just an add-on feature of any application.

Additional Observations, a Must-Read for the Crypto Community

In addition to these core judgments, almost all institutions have also provided some interesting discussions that did not reach a consensus but contributed additional observations.

One of the most interesting points is the shift in application-layer value capture trend. An increasing number of forecasts believe that the "Fat Application Theory" is replacing the "Fat Protocol Theory." Value is no longer primarily deposited at the base chain and general protocol layer but is gradually focusing on the application layer. This shift is not because the underlying layer is unimportant but because what truly interacts directly with users, data, and cash flow is still the application itself.

Therefore, this has also led to another discussion with significant divergence: Ethereum, aspiring to become the world computer and having been the advocate of the "Fat Protocol" in the past, how will its value change under the trend of "Fat Applications"?

Some believe that it will continue to benefit as a critical layer for tokenization and financial infrastructure; others believe it may gradually evolve into a "boring but necessary" foundational network, with the majority of the value being absorbed by the applications built on it.

Regarding Bitcoin analysis, most still believe that it will perform well in 2026, with continued strengthening demand from ETFs and institutional investment funds, solidifying its position as a strategic macro asset and "digital gold," but acknowledging the real threat from quantum computing.

Furthermore, analysts have also examined the potential changes in organizational structure and recruitment that may occur after 2026:

For example, a16z believes that post-2026, enterprises will begin to pay more for AI agents than for human employees, a phenomenon that has already emerged at the consumer level. Waymo's average ride cost is 31% higher than Uber's, yet demand continues to grow as users are willing to pay a premium for the safety and reliability of autonomous driving.

Within enterprises, this logic also holds true. When companies take into account the hidden costs of recruitment, onboarding, training, management, etc., smart agents actually demonstrate a higher return on investment when performing routine business tasks. a16z further predicts that AI agents will autonomously execute tasks for a continuous time period exceeding a full working day for the first time. According to METR data, the duration of AI tasks doubles approximately every 7 months. Current state-of-the-art models can reliably complete tasks that would take a human about an hour. Extrapolating along this trend, by the end of 2026, smart agents autonomously executing work processes exceeding 8 hours will become a reality, fundamentally transforming how companies allocate personnel and plan projects.

Meanwhile, there are other changes that are less openly discussed but are already emerging in actual recruitment, such as the reversal of age premiums. An increasing number of founding teams are more willing to entrust protocol funds and treasuries to a 42-year-old former risk officer from a second-tier bank who has truly gone through a full credit cycle, rather than a 23-year-old native DeFi player who has only experienced a bull market. Real-world risk cycle experience is becoming more valuable than the "native narrative."

Additionally, due to market demand shifts, subtle changes are occurring in compensation structures, with compliance-related roles seeing far higher compensation than engineers. Talent in compliance, stablecoins, and anti-money laundering is now receiving total packages exceeding $400,000, while some protocol layer engineers' compensation has already begun to fall below this level.

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China's Central Bank and Eight Other Departments' Latest Regulatory Focus: Key Attention to RWA Tokenized Asset Risk


Foreword: Today, the People's Bank of China's website published the "Notice of the People's Bank of China, National Development and Reform Commission, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Ministry of Public Security, State Administration for Market Regulation, China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission, China Securities Regulatory Commission, State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Further Preventing and Dealing with Risks Related to Virtual Currency and Others (Yinfa [2026] No. 42)", the latest regulatory requirements from the eight departments including the central bank, which are basically consistent with the regulatory requirements of recent years. The main focus of the regulation is on speculative activities such as virtual currency trading, exchanges, ICOs, overseas platform services, and this time, regulatory oversight of RWA has been added, explicitly prohibiting RWA tokenization, stablecoins (especially those pegged to the RMB). The following is the full text:


To the people's governments of all provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government, the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps:


  Recently, there have been speculative activities related to virtual currency and Real-World Assets (RWA) tokenization, disrupting the economic and financial order and jeopardizing the property security of the people. In order to further prevent and address the risks related to virtual currency and Real-World Assets tokenization, effectively safeguard national security and social stability, in accordance with the "Law of the People's Republic of China on the People's Bank of China," "Law of the People's Republic of China on Commercial Banks," "Securities Law of the People's Republic of China," "Law of the People's Republic of China on Securities Investment Funds," "Law of the People's Republic of China on Futures and Derivatives," "Cybersecurity Law of the People's Republic of China," "Regulations of the People's Republic of China on the Administration of Renminbi," "Regulations on Prevention and Disposal of Illegal Fundraising," "Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Foreign Exchange Administration," "Telecommunications Regulations of the People's Republic of China," and other provisions, after reaching consensus with the Cyberspace Administration of China, the Supreme People's Court, and the Supreme People's Procuratorate, and with the approval of the State Council, the relevant matters are notified as follows:


  I. Clarify the essential attributes of virtual currency, Real-World Assets tokenization, and related business activities


  (I) Virtual currency does not possess the legal status equivalent to fiat currency. Virtual currencies such as Bitcoin, Ether, Tether, etc., have the main characteristics of being issued by non-monetary authorities, using encryption technology and distributed ledger or similar technology, existing in digital form, etc. They do not have legal tender status, should not and cannot be circulated and used as currency in the market.


  The business activities related to virtual currency are classified as illegal financial activities. The exchange of fiat currency and virtual currency within the territory, exchange of virtual currencies, acting as a central counterparty in buying and selling virtual currencies, providing information intermediary and pricing services for virtual currency transactions, token issuance financing, and trading of virtual currency-related financial products, etc., fall under illegal financial activities, such as suspected illegal issuance of token vouchers, unauthorized public issuance of securities, illegal operation of securities and futures business, illegal fundraising, etc., are strictly prohibited across the board and resolutely banned in accordance with the law. Overseas entities and individuals are not allowed to provide virtual currency-related services to domestic entities in any form.


  A stablecoin pegged to a fiat currency indirectly fulfills some functions of the fiat currency in circulation. Without the consent of relevant authorities in accordance with the law and regulations, any domestic or foreign entity or individual is not allowed to issue a RMB-pegged stablecoin overseas.


(II)Tokenization of Real-World Assets refers to the use of encryption technology and distributed ledger or similar technologies to transform ownership rights, income rights, etc., of assets into tokens (tokens) or other interests or bond certificates with token (token) characteristics, and carry out issuance and trading activities.


  Engaging in the tokenization of real-world assets domestically, as well as providing related intermediary, information technology services, etc., which are suspected of illegal issuance of token vouchers, unauthorized public offering of securities, illegal operation of securities and futures business, illegal fundraising, and other illegal financial activities, shall be prohibited; except for relevant business activities carried out with the approval of the competent authorities in accordance with the law and regulations and relying on specific financial infrastructures. Overseas entities and individuals are not allowed to illegally provide services related to the tokenization of real-world assets to domestic entities in any form.


  II. Sound Work Mechanism


  (III) Inter-agency Coordination. The People's Bank of China, together with the National Development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the Ministry of Public Security, the State Administration for Market Regulation, the China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission, the China Securities Regulatory Commission, the State Administration of Foreign Exchange, and other departments, will improve the work mechanism, strengthen coordination with the Cyberspace Administration of China, the Supreme People's Court, and the Supreme People's Procuratorate, coordinate efforts, and overall guide regions to carry out risk prevention and disposal of virtual currency-related illegal financial activities.


  The China Securities Regulatory Commission, together with the National Development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the Ministry of Public Security, the People's Bank of China, the State Administration for Market Regulation, the China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission, the State Administration of Foreign Exchange, and other departments, will improve the work mechanism, strengthen coordination with the Cyberspace Administration of China, the Supreme People's Court, and the Supreme People's Procuratorate, coordinate efforts, and overall guide regions to carry out risk prevention and disposal of illegal financial activities related to the tokenization of real-world assets.


  (IV) Strengthening Local Implementation. The people's governments at the provincial level are overall responsible for the prevention and disposal of risks related to virtual currencies and the tokenization of real-world assets in their respective administrative regions. The specific leading department is the local financial regulatory department, with participation from branches and dispatched institutions of the State Council's financial regulatory department, telecommunications regulators, public security, market supervision, and other departments, in coordination with cyberspace departments, courts, and procuratorates, to improve the normalization of the work mechanism, effectively connect with the relevant work mechanisms of central departments, form a cooperative and coordinated working pattern between central and local governments, effectively prevent and properly handle risks related to virtual currencies and the tokenization of real-world assets, and maintain economic and financial order and social stability.


  III. Strengthened Risk Monitoring, Prevention, and Disposal


  (5) Enhanced Risk Monitoring. The People's Bank of China, China Securities Regulatory Commission, National Development and Reform Commission, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Ministry of Public Security, State Administration of Foreign Exchange, Cyberspace Administration of China, and other departments continue to improve monitoring techniques and system support, enhance cross-departmental data analysis and sharing, establish sound information sharing and cross-validation mechanisms, promptly grasp the risk situation of activities related to virtual currency and real-world asset tokenization. Local governments at all levels give full play to the role of local monitoring and early warning mechanisms. Local financial regulatory authorities, together with branches and agencies of the State Council's financial regulatory authorities, as well as departments of cyberspace and public security, ensure effective connection between online monitoring, offline investigation, and fund tracking, efficiently and accurately identify activities related to virtual currency and real-world asset tokenization, promptly share risk information, improve early warning information dissemination, verification, and rapid response mechanisms.


  (6) Strengthened Oversight of Financial Institutions, Intermediaries, and Technology Service Providers. Financial institutions (including non-bank payment institutions) are prohibited from providing account opening, fund transfer, and clearing services for virtual currency-related business activities, issuing and selling financial products related to virtual currency, including virtual currency and related financial products in the scope of collateral, conducting insurance business related to virtual currency, or including virtual currency in the scope of insurance liability. Financial institutions (including non-bank payment institutions) are prohibited from providing custody, clearing, and settlement services for unauthorized real-world asset tokenization-related business and related financial products. Relevant intermediary institutions and information technology service providers are prohibited from providing intermediary, technical, or other services for unauthorized real-world asset tokenization-related businesses and related financial products.


  (7) Enhanced Management of Internet Information Content and Access. Internet enterprises are prohibited from providing online business venues, commercial displays, marketing, advertising, or paid traffic diversion services for virtual currency and real-world asset tokenization-related business activities. Upon discovering clues of illegal activities, they should promptly report to relevant departments and provide technical support and assistance for related investigations and inquiries. Based on the clues transferred by the financial regulatory authorities, the cyberspace administration, telecommunications authorities, and public security departments should promptly close and deal with websites, mobile applications (including mini-programs), and public accounts engaged in virtual currency and real-world asset tokenization-related business activities in accordance with the law.


  (8) Strengthened Entity Registration and Advertisement Management. Market supervision departments strengthen entity registration and management, and enterprise and individual business registrations must not contain terms such as "virtual currency," "virtual asset," "cryptocurrency," "crypto asset," "stablecoin," "real-world asset tokenization," or "RWA" in their names or business scopes. Market supervision departments, together with financial regulatory authorities, legally enhance the supervision of advertisements related to virtual currency and real-world asset tokenization, promptly investigating and handling relevant illegal advertisements.


  (IX) Continued Rectification of Virtual Currency Mining Activities. The National Development and Reform Commission, together with relevant departments, strictly controls virtual currency mining activities, continuously promotes the rectification of virtual currency mining activities. The people's governments of various provinces take overall responsibility for the rectification of "mining" within their respective administrative regions. In accordance with the requirements of the National Development and Reform Commission and other departments in the "Notice on the Rectification of Virtual Currency Mining Activities" (NDRC Energy-saving Building [2021] No. 1283) and the provisions of the "Guidance Catalog for Industrial Structure Adjustment (2024 Edition)," a comprehensive review, investigation, and closure of existing virtual currency mining projects are conducted, new mining projects are strictly prohibited, and mining machine production enterprises are strictly prohibited from providing mining machine sales and other services within the country.


  (X) Severe Crackdown on Related Illegal Financial Activities. Upon discovering clues to illegal financial activities related to virtual currency and the tokenization of real-world assets, local financial regulatory authorities, branches of the State Council's financial regulatory authorities, and other relevant departments promptly investigate, determine, and properly handle the issues in accordance with the law, and seriously hold the relevant entities and individuals legally responsible. Those suspected of crimes are transferred to the judicial authorities for processing according to the law.


 (XI) Severe Crackdown on Related Illegal and Criminal Activities. The Ministry of Public Security, the People's Bank of China, the State Administration for Market Regulation, the China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission, the China Securities Regulatory Commission, as well as judicial and procuratorial organs, in accordance with their respective responsibilities, rigorously crack down on illegal and criminal activities related to virtual currency, the tokenization of real-world assets, such as fraud, money laundering, illegal business operations, pyramid schemes, illegal fundraising, and other illegal and criminal activities carried out under the guise of virtual currency, the tokenization of real-world assets, etc.


  (XII) Strengthen Industry Self-discipline. Relevant industry associations should enhance membership management and policy advocacy, based on their own responsibilities, advocate and urge member units to resist illegal financial activities related to virtual currency and the tokenization of real-world assets. Member units that violate regulatory policies and industry self-discipline rules are to be disciplined in accordance with relevant self-regulatory management regulations. By leveraging various industry infrastructure, conduct risk monitoring related to virtual currency, the tokenization of real-world assets, and promptly transfer issue clues to relevant departments.


  IV. Strict Supervision of Domestic Entities Engaging in Overseas Business Activities


(XIII) Without the approval of relevant departments in accordance with the law and regulations, domestic entities and foreign entities controlled by them may not issue virtual currency overseas.


  (XIV) Domestic entities engaging directly or indirectly in overseas external debt-based tokenization of real-world assets, or conducting asset securitization activities abroad based on domestic ownership rights, income rights, etc. (hereinafter referred to as domestic equity), should be strictly regulated in accordance with the principles of "same business, same risk, same rules." The National Development and Reform Commission, the China Securities Regulatory Commission, the State Administration of Foreign Exchange, and other relevant departments regulate it according to their respective responsibilities. For other forms of overseas real-world asset tokenization activities based on domestic equity by domestic entities, the China Securities Regulatory Commission, together with relevant departments, supervise according to their division of responsibilities. Without the consent and filing of relevant departments, no unit or individual may engage in the above-mentioned business.


  (15) Overseas subsidiaries and branches of domestic financial institutions providing Real World Asset Tokenization-related services overseas shall do so legally and prudently. They shall have professional personnel and systems in place to effectively mitigate business risks, strictly implement customer onboarding, suitability management, anti-money laundering requirements, and incorporate them into the domestic financial institutions' compliance and risk management system. Intermediaries and information technology service providers offering Real World Asset Tokenization services abroad based on domestic equity or conducting Real World Asset Tokenization business in the form of overseas debt for domestic entities directly or indirectly venturing abroad must strictly comply with relevant laws and regulations. They should establish and improve relevant compliance and internal control systems in accordance with relevant normative requirements, strengthen business and risk control, and report the business developments to the relevant regulatory authorities for approval or filing.


  V. Strengthen Organizational Implementation


  (16) Strengthen organizational leadership and overall coordination. All departments and regions should attach great importance to the prevention of risks related to virtual currencies and Real World Asset Tokenization, strengthen organizational leadership, clarify work responsibilities, form a long-term effective working mechanism with centralized coordination, local implementation, and shared responsibilities, maintain high pressure, dynamically monitor risks, effectively prevent and mitigate risks in an orderly and efficient manner, legally protect the property security of the people, and make every effort to maintain economic and financial order and social stability.


  (17) Widely carry out publicity and education. All departments, regions, and industry associations should make full use of various media and other communication channels to disseminate information through legal and policy interpretation, analysis of typical cases, and education on investment risks, etc. They should promote the illegality and harm of virtual currencies and Real World Asset Tokenization-related businesses and their manifestations, fully alert to potential risks and hidden dangers, and enhance public awareness and identification capabilities for risk prevention.


  VI. Legal Responsibility


  (18) Engaging in illegal financial activities related to virtual currencies and Real World Asset Tokenization in violation of this notice, as well as providing services for virtual currencies and Real World Asset Tokenization-related businesses, shall be punished in accordance with relevant regulations. If it constitutes a crime, criminal liability shall be pursued according to the law. For domestic entities and individuals who knowingly or should have known that overseas entities illegally provided virtual currency or Real World Asset Tokenization-related services to domestic entities and still assisted them, relevant responsibilities shall be pursued according to the law. If it constitutes a crime, criminal liability shall be pursued according to the law.


  (19) If any unit or individual invests in virtual currencies, Real World Asset Tokens, and related financial products against public order and good customs, the relevant civil legal actions shall be invalid, and any resulting losses shall be borne by them. If there are suspicions of disrupting financial order and jeopardizing financial security, the relevant departments shall deal with them according to the law.


  This notice shall enter into force upon the date of its issuance. The People's Bank of China and ten other departments' "Notice on Further Preventing and Dealing with the Risks of Virtual Currency Trading Speculation" (Yinfa [2021] No. 237) is hereby repealed.


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This time there is no single triggering factor, but rather market anxiety about asset valuation, with many already skeptical of these valuations being too high, leading to investors choosing to retreat almost simultaneously.

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